Musical Analysis; Comparing ‘Tonight’ with ‘Maria’; West Side Story.

Comparing Tonight with Maria (Both from ‘West side story’) (Tonight also known as balcony scene – Tony and Maria sing together. Maria – sang by Tony. ) The piece ‘Tonight’ begins in B maj; it opens with Tony stating â€Å"the most beautiful sound I ever heard† this is sang in a very recitative style; mainly monotone (D) – rubato. This makes his words seem the prominent element – stressing the drama. The gentile bassoon plays a descending line – while the horn plays a simplified version ~ this ‘decent’ becomes a theme in Tony and Maria’s relationship. It also plunges Toney into a dream world. This opening line leads swiftly on to the theme of ‘Maria’. Throughout the song there are many variations on ‘Maria’ – however the first time (bar 28) a perfect 4th is used between the ‘Ma + ‘ri’; the ‘a’ is a dissonant – yet is warmed by the sound of the horn (emphasising the ri-a). The instrumentation is thin here- mainly heterophonic , working with the triplets which diminish the rhythm and increase the tension. In bar 4; the ‘a’ of Maria is resolved on to a D (rather than an E) – this is a descending min 3rd, however the oboe doesn’t resolve- this creates anticipation and leads the music on demonstrating that the song is to grow- reflecting Tony’s feelings for Maria- yet clashing slightly and creating an element of pain- foreshadowing the ‘later’ tragedy. From bar 8, on to bar 9; After the sequential transformation ‘up a tone’ in bar 8 the music changes again as if onto an ‘Aria’ section. It does so on the ‘Ma’ to the ‘ri’ – The ‘ri’ is sang on an A natural (appoggatura) –making a dim 5th. The instrumentation thickens here, timps and double bass are also added , the bass plays pizz, and its rhythm goes slightly Latin – similar to much of the dance music throughout the musical – and all this creates a colourful image in the listeners head – reflecting the image of Maria in Tony’s head. Bar 15; Instrumentation thickens here as the clarinets, Horns, and trumpets are added, as the music progresses, bar 17; the oboes are added. In bars 18 and 19 there are two descending lines linking and building up to the 6th variation of ‘Maria’; the flute is added in bar 19, and the trombones are added in bar 20. Full orchestration on the 6th variation of Maria; this variation of Maria is a descending phrase, as it moves down a tone each time: Also rhythmically augmented. Middle syllable is an appoggiatura. {draw:frame} The phrase continues to descend with â€Å"say it loud and there’s music playing†. There is also a diminuendo in bar 23 and the violins take on a more prominent role – this makes the music seem more romantic and soft, Bernstein has used word painting here as Tony describes Maria’s name as soft â€Å"almost like praying†, plus on the word ‘praying’ there’s a per5th. In bar 28, the 6th in-between the ‘ri +a’ _(like the 1st version of Maria, but last note turned upside down)_ becomes a countermelody, the theme is played in the contrabass; this constant repeat of ‘Maria’ demonstrates Tony’s worship for her. In bar 48, the theme is demonstrated in thicker texture again – it leads to an operatic recitative style line from Tony ppp (while the accompaniment is simply semibreves) far from the ‘Latin style dance atmosphere’ demonstrated previously. {draw:frame} Finally in Bar 51 there is one more variation of ‘Maria’ – reminiscent of the first version – but with a per5th (ma-ri), the ‘a’(G) is held for about the last two bars; underneath this, an Eb is held making the ‘a’ sound like a discord. This creates a certain pain about the last note – foreshadowing future events, suggesting that its all going to end with pain. The balcony scene also begins in Bmaj – and opens with a descending line, reminiscent of ‘Maria’ – linking the two songs and making the ‘descending line’ a theme in their relationship. In bar 3 the theme from Maria is echoed in the violins. This opening piece of music (1-29) is very important; it acts as an underscore – reminiscing previous songs, as it gently continues and goes through many temporary modulations. In Bar 30 the vocals begin; (Only Maria sings) the instrumentation is thin – with violins holding sustained notes creating a tense, hesitant yet romantic atmosphere. The descending line theme ‘augmented’ in the bass. The tempo is marked as andantino, little faster – as the tension increases. All this forces the vocal melody to be exposed, (making the soloistmore important) demonstrating their vulnerability and innocence. At bar 32 a contrabass is added, marked pizz, – this adds an amazing gently pulsating, heartbeat rhythmical effect – creating much excitement; reflecting their emoticons. draw:frame} The vocal melody is still very exposed and prominent as it rises above the accompaniment in broken chords. In bar 37 Tony sings alone, as he says â€Å"Maria† there is a perfect5th between the ‘Ma-ri’ like the actual song, ‘Maria’ – again linking the two songs. Maria then sings solo, for one bar only, she re peats his name twice – echoing his actions, this makes the duet seem more conversational – enhancing the drama. Bar 42; Allegretto – always a little faster, the heart beat rhythm is still present – retaining the excited and heightened emoticons.

Marilyn Monroe Informative Speech

Marilyn Monroe  (born  Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962) was an  American  actress,  model, and  singer, who became a major  sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s and early 1960s. After spending much of her childhood in  foster  homes, Monroe began a career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946 with  Twentieth Century-Fox. Her early film appearances were minor, but her performances in  The Asphalt Jungle  and  All About Eve  (both 1950), drew attention.By 1952 she had her first leading role in  Don't Bother to Knock and 1953 brought a lead in  Niagara, a melodramatic  film noir  that dwelt on her seductiveness. Her â€Å"dumb blonde† persona was used to comic effect in subsequent films such as  Gentlemen Prefer Blondes  (1953),  How to Marry a Millionaire  (1953) andThe Seven Year Itch  (1955). Limited by  typecasting, Monroe studied at t he  Actors Studio  to broaden her range. Her dramatic performance in  Bus Stop  (1956) was hailed by critics and garnered a  Golden Globe  nomination.Her production company, Marilyn Monroe Productions, released  The Prince and the Showgirl  (1957), for which she received a  BAFTA Award  nomination and won a  David di Donatello  award. She received a  Golden Globe Award  for her performance in  Some Like It Hot  (1959). Monroe's last completed film was  The Misfits  (1961), co-starring  Clark Gable  with  screenplayby her then-husband,  Arthur Miller. The final years of Monroe's life were marked by illness, personal problems, and a reputation for unreliability and being difficult to work with.The circumstances of her death, from an overdose of  barbiturates, have been the subject of conjecture. Though officially classified as a â€Å"probable suicide†, the possibility of an accidental overdose, as well as of homicide, have not been ruled out. In 1999, Monroe was ranked as the  sixth-greatest female star of all time  by the  American Film Institute. In the decades following her death, she has often been cited as both a  pop  and a  cultural icon  as well as the quintessential American sex symbol. [6][7][8]  In 2009,  TV Guide Network  named her #1 in  Film's Sexiest Women of All Time.

Conflicts Are Important Worksheet Essay

1. Pseudo conflicts: A pseudo conflict is where two people are arguing on the same thing only because of their own misunderstandings and misperceptions of what the other person is saying they are arguing on the same side without realizing. In truth they are arguing for the same side they just can’t realize it because of their own misconceptions. A pseudo conflict can be easily resolved by people just understanding one another better. 2. Fact conflicts: Fact conflicts are caused by being misinformed, not having enough information to make good decisions and determining what data is relevant. Conflict can also arise when there is disagreement on information collection and communication. 3. Ego conflicts: An ego conflict is where one person goes around picking on and teasing everyone else. They think that they are better than them in every way shape or form, these conflicts can easily be avoided by not thinking your better than everyone else. Everyone is equal whether they like it or not. No one is better than anyone else. It just happens that some people think they are better than other people and so ego conflicts arise. 4. Value conflicts: Value conflicts arise from two different people or groups with different views on something, Such as world views. Or a common one is two groups with different views on good and bad. One group may be stricter than the other on what’s good and what’s bad, it will then clash with the other group who is less strict. 5. Need conflicts: A need conflict arises when someone starts acting so that they can get one need and it is contradictory to how they need to act to get another need and it presents a major conflict. This conflict can be resolved by getting both needs one at a time but humans by nature want all needs at once and this makes a conflict. Part 2: The Five Conflict Management Styles Describe each of the five conflict management styles and explain the strengths and weaknesses of each. Use paragraph form. 1. Avoiders: The avoider style of managing is not actually thought as a management style at all by many but it reality it is. It arises when someone runs from a conflict or ignores it. Someone may use the avoider style out of outright fear or sometimes many other concerns that can come from an unresolved conflict. With the avoider style it doesn’t solve anything and very often makes things worse the people do not understand why the avoider refuses to face the conflict at hand and the avoider cannot understand the problem or the other side’s views. 2. Accommodators: The Accommodator is much the same as the avoiders only slightly different in the way that he just agrees to everything, avoids solving the actual problem to placate the other side. If forced to face the problem an accommodator will back off and just follow in the footsteps dictated by the other side, they will be in total denial of any personal needs in favor of meeting the other sides personal desires. The unfortunate downfall of this solution is that problems continue or grow worse or new problems may arise from it. Imagine a mother who gives her daughter whatever she wants whenever she wants simply to keep conflicts from arising. Yes it stops her daughter from whining and complaining. 3. Forcers: The very opposite of an accommodator would be a forcers also known as the competitor. With the forcer they drive to win the argument/battle at all costs even if it means ending a relationship. The competition style can be healthy when it is focused solely on the issue at hand and not on the people around the issue. Such as when someone starts in on each other it can be friendly banter until someone’s mother is brought into it. Fights between two people often happen during the forcers style but never is it healthy. 4. Compromisers: With the compromiser style it is used to try and meet some of the demands of both sides. Unfortunately with this style everyone wins a little but also they lose a little. Like with two teenagers fighting over the remote to a TV the mother comes in and takes away the remote all together. It resolves the situation but no one is happy with it. It leaves the solution gone but no one happy. People who use compromise are actually making a lazy halfhearted attempt at collaboration. 5. Collaborators: With the collaborating style it gets all parties in the conflict together to come up with a peaceful solution that leaves each party happy. In this type everyone is heard, everyone is happy, and above all relationships are preserved, whether they are relationships between a man and a woman or a relationship between friends or business people. The collaborative style takes a while to plan and execute. While the problem may become worse as time goes on it always leaves everyone happy. Part 3: Collaborative Communication List two methods of collaborative communication and describe how using them can help you avoid conflicts. Two methods of collaboration communication are Boards and Huddles. With Boards it’s good to have something for the all to see besides hand out’s when you have the group all together. That is where white boards or chalk boards come in major handy. That way you can right now main ideas and topics for all to see. This will help stop conflicts because everyone is seeing the same thing so they can’t say that their not or say that some are getting more details then they are. The second method is called huddles. Huddles means when you get your group together to brainstorm or think about something make it small little focused groups. Having it in small focused groups will cut down on misunderstandings and confusion which will then help you prosper and fewer arguments may break out.

Democracy and Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Democracy and Industrialization - Essay Example The reason why it has become a common strategy for change is that is allows the people to express their views and makes them motivated because their voice is also being listened for the required solution or achieving a specific goal.. In democratic system the people have the right to speak and think independently and it offers people freedom of speech and freedom of media which are essential parts of a powerful democratic system. There are two main principles for a successful democracy. The first principle is that all peoples in community have equal access to power and the other one is that all peoples enjoy universal freedom and liberties. There are different forms of democracy, some of which provide better representation and more freedoms for their citizens than others. (Amacom, American Management Association 1998) The Real and very essential advantage of democracy is that it fixes a regular ongoing process and allows people to find a better way of doing things which is comfortable for them. Tolerance is also one of the key factors of democracy which gives people to have patience in them and allow everyone to speak about their views. Democracy takes ideas from different peoples so that everyone can learn and get experience from one another. One of the characteristic features of democracy is Majority rule but at the same time it also focuses on the rights of minorities. Democracy also gives an independent judiciary system which gives a right to every citizen to be treated equally and provides justice to everyone without any racial discrimination. It gives protection to all citizens and it is compulsory for the Judiciary to provide equal justice to every citizen. People feel comfortable because they know that their safety needs as well as social needs are been protected by the law. Every person has the right to file a petition for demanding justice. Democratic system also gives Human rights to every citizen as it is core responsibility of government. (Ernest Dale 2007) EXAMPLE: Democratic System has been helpful in many countries very it has been fully recognized as a big source of change. One of the key successes is India where democracy has made them so stronger that India has become one of the biggest democratic countries in the world. Freedom of media has been given them and their has a powerful judiciary system for the safety of people and to provide equal justice to everyone and therefore there is boost in foreign investment since the law is powerful than the government. (Stephen R Hiatt, Richard L. Daft 2000) INDUSTRIALIZATION INTRODUCTION Industry can be defined as one of the major assets that really help your country to groom with a very rapid speed. Today in this fast moving competitive world every country is trying their level best to reach the top ranking and industry is one of the source that can lead them to a good position. (Gary R. Heerkens 2001) INDUSTRY IN GENERAL Generally, industry is the very important for any country because it has the ability to generate many resources that can be converted into any goods. With the help of industry it

Write about childhood and adolescence and your classmate sharing their Essay

Write about childhood and adolescence and your classmate sharing their story - Essay Example All those years that I have passed gave me some bitterness because with the passage of time, I lost many people who were close to me. I have heard people saying that the transformation from childhood to teenage or adolescence appears very charming and attractive because as adolescents, people get a chance to enjoy more liberty, empowerment and independence, however, this was not the case with me. My mother was there to take care of me as a single parent, so she appeared more domineering and controlling giving very less liberty to me considering me wrong most of the times. Therefore, turning a teenager was a sad experience for me. I was dislocated, having less confidence and enjoying very little liberty. My mother has good income so she allows getting anything with money, but she is not accommodative as a friend due to which, I really feel that I have nobody close to me to whom I can share everything that I feel. This has dragged me to seclusion and lonesomeness. As a teenager, when I started realizing everything around me, I turned to my raw self for assistance, as there was no loving experienced guidance for me, just strict controlling cautions from my mother. I wanted to have friends with whom I could hang out and have fun, but I was never allowed. I was just allowed to study and that was all. Therefore, I consider my childhood better than my adolescence. One of my classmates shared her experience of turning to adulthood with me. She informed me that as a child, she enjoyed the care of her father and mother who cared for all her siblings along with her. However, when she grew young and got married, she had to undergo extreme pressure from her family. She was supposed to take care of her parents, her siblings and also her children. As a young person, she was under immense pressure and she was very upset. She was not ready to let go of her parents as she regarded them not as her parents, but her children for whom, she

Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Stem Cell - Research Paper Example Though one cannot forecast the results from basic research, there is enough information available to suggest that a good deal of this enthusiasm is justified. Definition of Stem Cells Stem cells are basically building block cells of a human being which are capable of becoming 210 different types of tissue. â€Å"Stem cells have traditionally been defined as not fully differentiated yet to be any particular type of cell or tissue† (Irving, 1999). Adult stem cells are found in minute numbers within most tissues, but the majority of stem cells can be obtained from the umbilical cord. A more precise term is â€Å"somatic stem cells† (Sullivan, 2004). There are numerous potential sources for stem cells. Embryonic stem cells originate from the inner cell of an early stage embryo. Embryonic germ cells can be collected from fetal tissue at a later stage of development. Adult stem cells can be obtained from mature tissues. â€Å"Even after complete maturation of an organism, ce lls need to be replaced. A good example (of adult stem cells) is blood, but this is true for muscle and other connective tissue as well, and may be true for at least some nervous system cells† (Chapman et al, 1999). ... It has been substantiated from animal research that stem cells can be differentiated into cells that will behave appropriately in their transplanted location. For example, the transplantation of stem cells following treatments for cancer has found much success for many years. â€Å"Experiments such as the transplantation of fetal tissue into the brains of Parkinson’s patients indicate that the expectation that stem cell therapies could provide robust treatments for many human diseases is a reasonable one. It is only through controlled scientific research that the true promise will be understood† (Frankel, 1999). Argument for use of aborted fetuses The moral dilemma that surrounds the prohibition of aborted fetuses is the idea of abortion itself. The former Bush administration made it very clear that it was opposed to legal abortions, in at least most circumstances, and transferred that ideology to the prohibition of embryonic stem cell research. The concept of scientifi c study of the next stage of development, the fetus, which resulted from an abortion, was unthinkable. The ideology of the past Presidential administration reflected the minority which opposes abortion and also reflects the majority that is opposed to aborted fetuses of consenting parents being used for experimentation. This reality has no basis in reason. Why would those who claim to be ‘pro-choice’ want to waste the aborted tissue? For that matter, why would pro-lifers want to witness what they believe is a living being tossed away in vain? At least its ‘life’ could have meant something to humanity in a very real way. In 1999 alone, more than 850,000 abortions were performed in the U.S.

Genetically Modified Crops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genetically Modified Crops - Essay Example Some have termed the genetically manipulated crops ‘frankenfoods’ and have questioned the potential harm to people and the environment that could come from their production. This discussion will answer these questions regarding the safety of these foods and present an overview of bioengineered foods. Bioengineering food involves â€Å"splicing a gene from one organism, such as a bacterium, into a plant or animal to confer certain traits† (Muth et al, 2002). These traits, developed for agricultural crops such as corn, soybeans, canola and cotton include increasing nutrients, tolerance to herbicides and drought, resistance to fungus and insects and reduced spoilage. Bioengineered corn and soybeans have become increasingly widespread among farmers during the last decade and the products can be commonly found in most grocery stores. Companies that engineer and produce bioengineered foods as well as manufacturers that choose to use these foods in their ingredients are faced with a stringent and ever-developing regulatory oversight by three government agencies; the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Which agency regulates a particular product is determined by the intended use of the crop. Very often, a product is regulated by multiple agencies. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, a division of the USDA monitors products and organisms that affect plants. Products and organisms derived from bioengineering methods introduced to or manufactured in the U.S. require USDA identification. This agency then determines if the item in question is a ‘regulated article’ or a possible disease. If the USDA decides that the product or crop is to be regulated, â€Å"a written approval usually is issued that designates conditions for introduction of the article† (McCammon,

Womens equality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Womens equality - Assignment Example These paths lead people to make some of their ethical choices based on dissimilar ethical criteria. This paper looks at the feminist philosophical view in the determination of some discriminative concepts. According to Hutchings (2007), feminism is an ethical tradition that examines some of the gender relations of power, which are tied to societal moral codes. The moral codes exist in the feminist global ethic, which occur through the division of feminist thoughts into normative traditional that include care feminism, enlightenment feminism and post-colonial feminism. Despite the categorizations, it is possible to determine that feminists might differ in their understanding and interpretations of the manner in which women are oppressed in the society. However, the foundation of their arguments is based on women’s experience (Hutchings, 2007). For this reason, most of the feminists might argue that historically, not so many people consider a woman’s point of view. This means that men form the different communities, philosophies, religion, moral theory constructs and sciences for fellow men, as well as for the fulfillment of the male interests. In order to evaluate the nature of sexist ethics, the basic requirement would be to develop an understanding of the same. The basic understanding of the sexist ethics is that it is a moral theory that exhibits fundamental biases towards interests of a single gender. Most of the feminists believe that it is possible to consider the major moral theories as sexist since they exhibit biases towards the point of view of the male gender and their development seeks to fulfill male interests. However, an individual might argue that utilitarian and deontological theories are not sexist in nature, given their positions on the moral obligations of human beings. Utilitarianism, which is

How its made Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How its made - Essay Example 23-29, 2005). Sandpaper first came out in the 13th century, invented by the Chinese when strong and tough materials of that age, such as shell pieces, seeds, and sand adhered to parchment rolls through natural gum obtained from the trees. In those days, people also made use of natural rough surfaces such as fish skin with scales to achieve results similar to that of sandpaper. However, the first invention, which looked much more like today’s sandpaper came out as glass paper, formed through pieces of glass and sand combined together on paper. By 1716, coated paper came forward in Paris, but the original invention of sandpaper goes back into 1834 in United States by Isaac Fischer, Jr., of  Springfield, Vermont. Its grade further improved when it took over another property of also being waterproof in 1916, changing from sandpaper to Wetrodry, which helped improve the grade quality without acting as a seal upon automotive paint refinishing. The most peculiar use of sandpaper is its application as a musical instrument by Leroy Anderson in his famous  Sandpaper Ballet (Capotosto, pp. 73, 1991). Sandpaper, no matter with its name specifically refers to surface of paper and sand, in reality denies the presence of both the materials, but is completely made of other organic or synthetic minerals and adhesives. There are many materials other than the simple usage of sand and paper, in the development of this multi functioning piece of paper, which give it its unique qualities. Most significantly, the abrading materials, which give it the aggressive wiping ability comes through the combination of many materials. These include flint, garnet (for wood work), emery (substance used for cleaning metal surfaces), aluminum oxide (giving the paper its metal oxide property), silicon carbide (only used in very fine grits),

INdividual Assignment 8 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

INdividual 8 - Assignment Example Various groups that have similar lines of expertise could also team up or collaborate to increase the range of their connections, thus bringing different businesses together by means of intermediaries, but without the hassle of actually meeting up each one of them in person. There is also no need to particularly know who these people are personally, and communications often happen by consulting groups or individual people according to expertise, thus every group have opportunities to show their skills equally since business owners or companies aim to get the job done professionally as to how they would want it done. It is easier to conduct businesses or sales using social networks such as Facebook. This is because while in LinkedIn transactions are done via consultants or third parties depending on their expertise, Facebook harnesses the power of word-by-mouth in promoting marketing and sales (105). There is also less barriers among businesses since they could conduct transactions directly with customers, upon being introduced to potential consumers by their loyal customers. People belonging to active social networking sites have the power to promote companies or put them down using the strength of suggestion and impressions, like how many people tell their product satisfaction online. The image of the company is also important for consumers, and with the power of suggestion a company could gain or lose profits if for example a group of people would tell others within their networks whether the products or services of a company is good or bad. Answer to Part II: Different societies having various cultures accept social networking depending on whether the people have a collectivist or an individualist culture. For example, in individualist societies LinkedIn is more often used for finding connections and business partners but without the intention of fusing personal relationships with business

Maryland's Ecosystems and Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maryland's Ecosystems and Environment - Essay Example Maryland’s Local and Surrounding Ecologies and Environments In an article entitled â€Å"Maryland’s Environment: A 20,000 Year History of Change† published online, it was revealed that the state exhibits an ecologically diverse landscape accurately described to include river systems in areas such as the Chesapeake Bay, the Delaware River, and the Ohio River drainages; mountain ranges; granite bedrocks; unconsolidated sediments; among others (Maryland's Environment, n.d.). Likewise, it was also noted from the discourse that Maryland’s flora share the same diversity as these evolved from growth spurring from a variety of soils, climates and the state’s local hydrology (Maryland's Environment: A 20,000 Year History of Change, n.d.). In another published report, the ecologies and environments at Maryland were also described as varying natural resources from oceans, barrier islands, beaches, tide marshes, estuaries, low-lying farmlands, rolling hills, mo untain ranges, valleys and plateaus (Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 2003). Specific Factors that Distinguish Maryland’s Ecology and Environment From the historical background, it was evident that the specific factors that distinguished Maryland’s ecology and environment include: large scale, massive climatic change, human settlers and their changes in adapting and adjusting to the environment, and contact and colonization of North America, among others. As emphasized, there was manifested destruction in habitat due to hunting activities that were found to be unregulated. In addition, other factors such as â€Å"increased competition from introduced exotic species and diseases resulted in the wholesale decline in wilderness-dependent species and a corresponding rise in species that favored agricultural landscapes and human habitation sites. This decline and loss has significantly disturbed Maryland’s ecological balance† (Maryland's Environment: A 20,000 Year History of Change, n.d., p. 10). How Human Activities have Affected Maryland’s Ecosystems Human activities have affected Maryland’s ecosystems through an interplay of related acts of men; ranging from the basic physiological needs (food, clothing, shelter) to improving sources of livelihood and transportation. As population increased, the local natural resources were utilized to the point of exploiting their maximum potentials. This fact was corroborated by the Maryland’s Department of Natural Resources which identified tremendous increases in population and in converting land uses from agricultural to industrial have significantly affected and altered the original state of Mayland’s natural resources and ecosystems. As revealed, from the reported historical events of Maryland, the description of the natural environment included â€Å"a rich estuary flanked by marsh and swamplands, intertwining waterways, a gentle plain of locally-diverse f orests, and a network of human communities concentrated in riverside villages where Native Americans plied waterways and trails and managed hunting grounds, nut groves, and gardens† (Maryland's Environment, n.d., p. 7). Ways that Global Warming might Affect Maryland’s Ecosystems According to the report published by the National Audubon Society (2012), global warming significantly affects all facets of human life, including the lives of other organisms,

An Education Film Essay Essay Example for Free

An Education Film Essay Essay Analyse how conflict (either internal or external) was used in a film you have studied to help us better understand a main character. â€Å"Often, it’s not about becoming a new person, but becoming the person you were meant to be, and already are, but don’t know how to be.† An Education directed by Lone Scherfig is a film about coming of age and discovering whom we are. The film is set in the early 1960’s a time ruled by moral code and strong feminist rules. Jenny is the main character who is 16 and aspiring to read English at Oxford. She soon meets playboy David, who seduces her and they fall in love. This relationship lets Jenny see into a whole new world of thrilling and current things. This creates a big internal conflict for Jenny who now must decide what she wants to do with her life. She has three pathways she can choose from, and the characters of Helen, Mrs. Stubbs and Jenny’s mother Marjorie model all of these paths. She must decide if she wants to live an exciting life but is filled with fraud and larceny. She can also living a boring life of teacher marking ‘pony essays’ but also one that has had the purpose of an education and is fulfilling in numerous ways. Jenny can also become a housewife though like her mother Marjorie, this is the most common paths for women in the 1960’s and is a tedious and unfulfilling lifestyle. Jenny is internally conflicted between all three of these paths, because whic hever one she picks will determine the rest of her life. Very early on in the film we are introduced to the character of Helen, she is an affluent person and lives an abundant life style of which many people in the 1960’s would be jealous. She has the privilege of lavish clothes, attending fabulous concerts, going to art auctions, eating in Michelin star restaurants and traveling the world. This is the life Jenny wants to live. Jenny is able to access this life style through David; he opens her up to all sorts of new possibilities. When we first meet Helen at the concert in Saint James Square we can tell the Jenny is in awe of Helen. Jenny strokes Helens velvety fur cape, admiring the fine piece of clothing. Jenny asks Helen â€Å"it is beautiful, where did it come from?† Helen being very wealthy probably has many coats and beautiful clothes like this and so simply replies â€Å"oh South Ken somewhere.† The area Helen is talking about is South Kensington and is one of the wealthiest areas of London. This is the kind of area that Jenny wouldn’t have been able to afford anything from so when Helen suggests to her that they should go shopping together there and that David can pay, Jenny is a little taken back because something so luxurious and exorbitant shouldn’t come so easily. Jenny realises that this life can become possible if she sticks with David. There is no need for her to attend Oxford to have a fun and fulfilling life. With David she can live Helen’s life, where she can go to France; her escape in life â€Å" I want to be French. She wouldn’t have to deal with her parents, school and Oxford. With David she is not confined in her life, she can do whatever she wants. Jenny must make a decision as to whether she wants to stay with David and to continue living this exciting lifestyle or to continue on the path of life she had originally planned out for her life in Oxford and one of an Education. Jenny must remember that â€Å"when life’s path is steep to keep your mind open† Jenny is focused on David in the movie because she thinks it is what she wants. We must all keep be level minded when we are making decisions, Lone Scherfig has alerted this too the audience that these choices we make are important and they will leave a mark on us forever. Mrs. Stubbs is a very influential person in Jenny’s life. Mrs. Stubbs life could foreshadow one that Jenny might live if she gets an education at Oxford. Mrs. Stubbs is Jenny’s English teacher, and she studied at Cambridge. Cambridge is a very prestigious school, which is very similar to Oxford. Both schools hold high reputation and only the elite and highly respected can attend these two schools. Judging from the lifestyles of the female role models around her, Jenny’s future can be narrowed down to two options; housewife or a secretary if she doesn’t get an education. In order to avoid those to paths in life, Jenny’s caring but overly concerned parents Jack and Marjorie and Mrs. Stubbs forcefully suggest an education at Oxford. In order to market herself as a valuable candidate, Jenny must ace English, Latin, French (hence the title), and show cultural breadth (her â€Å"hobby† is the cello). Yet, if all goes according to plan, Jenny will meet a similarly cultured wealthy man and will no longer need to do any of those things. The irony, of course, is that an Oxford education is simply a means of making the bait more alluring. Jenny comes to this realisation early into Scherfig’s film and asks the question â€Å"Why must I attend Oxford when I could easily take a shortcut and reach the same inevitable conclusion by attending the school of life? I’d have a lot more fun.† David is a shortcut past Oxford and is also a lot more entertaining and fun. Jenny must open her mind up to the possibilities that Oxford and an education can grant her. She must again keep her mind open; sometimes the path that is not as clear is often the better choice. As the viewer we want Jenny to go to Oxford and we can see how her decision will make a last imprint on her. We want her to attend and it makes us reflect on all those important decisions we have all had to make in our lives. In order to market herself as a valuable candidate, Jenny must ace English, Latin, French (hence the title), and show cultural breadth (her â€Å"hobby† is the cello). Yet, if all goes according to plan, Jenny will meet a similarly cultured wealthy man and will no longer need to do any of those things. The irony, of course, is that an Oxford education is simply a means of making the bait more alluring. Jenny comes to this realisation early into Scherfig’s film and asks the question â€Å"Why must I attend Oxford when I could easily take a shortcut and reach the same inevitable conclusion by attending the school of life? I’d have a lot more fun.† David is a shortcut past Oxford and is also a lot more entertaining and fun. Jenny must open her mind up to the possibilities that Oxford and an education can grant her. She must again keep her mind open; sometimes the path that is not as clear is often the better choice. As the viewer we want Jenny to go to Oxford and we can see how her decision will make a last imprint on her. We want her to attend and it makes us reflect on all those important decisions we have all had to make in our lives. In order to market herself as a valuable candidate, Jenny must ace English, Latin, French (hence the title), and show cultural breadth (her â€Å"hobby† is the cello). Yet, if all goes according to plan, Jenny will meet a similarly cultured wealthy man and will no longer need to do any of those things. The irony, of course, is that an Oxford education is simply a means of making the bait more alluring. Jenny comes to this realisation early into Scherfig’s film and asks the question â€Å"Why must I attend Oxford when I could easily take a shortcut and reach the same inevitable conclusion by attending the school of life? I’d have a lot more fun.† David is a shortcut past Oxford and is also a lot more entertaining and fun. Jenny must open her mind up to the possibilities that Oxford and an education can grant her. She must again keep her mind open; sometimes the path that is not as clear is often the better choice. As the viewer we want Jenny to go to Oxford and we can see how her decision will make a last imprint on her. We want her to attend and it makes us reflect on all those important decisions we have all had to make in our lives. The final route Jenny can take is one of the most common paths young women in the 1960’s take and that is to become a housewife and mother. This path requires no education apart from how to cook, clean and sew. These three things are all taught at school along with dancing and posture. These are all qualities a good housewife needs to make their husband look first class and not themselves. In the very opening scenes of the movie we see a montage of shots that exhibit the young girls in the 1960’s learning these qualities. This opening scene illustrates to the audience the traditional expectations of young women. This kind of education the women are getting is to set them up to be wives, to be like Marjorie. Jenny however is different to the other girls. Her education will not stop her hopefully but instead it will continue on at Oxford. One of the most important scenes shown in the movie is when Jenny comes home after being out for the night with David for the first tim e. When we see Marjorie in this shot we can see her through the kitchen door trying to clean a casserole dish. Marjorie is completely framed inside her world. By marrying Jack it has trapped inside this world, there is no fun parties or lavish concerts, instead she is a housewife, â€Å"and I cant get this casserole dish clean. We had hot-pot tonight, and its all burnt round† Jenny is confused though as â€Å"its twenty-five to twelve. We finish tea at seven.† Jenny soon realises that this is a life you get trapped in, and once you enter into it there isn’t any escape. Jenny is different from the other girls at school she is smart. She will not become a housewife and we can see how fantastic it is to stand out and be different. With this comes choice though resulting in hard decisions. Jenny is forced to make one and as the viewer Lone Scherfig has positioned us to see how all the choices we make in our lives will and can affect us. Jenny is forced to make a difficult decision, and she is conflicted between what she wants to do in life. At this stage in her life she can has to choose between becoming her mother, Helen or Mrs. Stubbs. With decisions comes conflict and Jenny is internally conflicted with all of these options. Lone Scherfig has effectively made the audience look back on all of the decisions we have had to make in our lives and how they have shaped us into who we are today. Our paths should lead us all to a goal and desire. We can only know this when â€Å"if youre walking down the right path and youre willing to keep walking, eventually youll make progress.†

Analysis Diabetes Mellitus on Complications with Data Mining

Analysis Diabetes Mellitus on Complications with Data Mining M. Mayilvaganan T.Sivaranjani Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is incredible growing and seems to be emerging as a main public health problem for our country.The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing all over the world. Data mining provides more no of tools and techniques that can be applied to this processed data to discover hidden patterns. It is used to provide healthcare professionals an additional source of knowledge for making decisions. This research is analysis about diabetes prevalence, complications, and preventing from complications. Keywords— diabetes mellitus, data analysis, data mining, diabetes prevalence, complications INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseasescaused by the lack of insulin in the body or inability to produce as normal. In contemporary world most of folk are distressed by diabetes, which affects a large population across the world. The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in men than women, but there are more women with diabetes than men. The urban population in developing countries is projected to double between 2000 and 2030[9]. TYPES OF DIABETES Type 1 diabetes This type of diabetes usually develops during childhood or teens and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin secretion resulting from atrophy of the islets of Langerhans and causing hyperglycemia and a marked tendency toward ketoacidosis—called alsoinsulin-dependent diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes, juvenile-onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes mellitus [6]. Type 2 diabetes It’s mostly distressed in adulthood and is exacerbated by obesity and an inactive lifestyle. This disease often has no symptoms, is usually diagnosed by tests that indicate glucose intolerance, and is treated with changes in diet and an exercise regularly [7]. Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy [8]. The definition applies whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and whether or not the condition persists after pregnancy. It does not exclude the possibility that unrecognized glucose intolerance may have antedated or begun concomitantly with the pregnancy. Fig 1: Prevalence estimates of diabetes mellitus (DM), 2010 – South-East Asian Region To estimating the prevalence of diabetes for the years 2000, 2010 and 2030, data on case numbers and national prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance are presented in chart [10].The total populations of the regions and the populations aged from 20-79 years are shown in Figure 2. From the figure we clearly known Western Pacific Region, which includes China, and the South-East Asian Region, which has India as a member, have the greatest numbers of people [10]. Fig2: Top 5- Number of people with diabetes (20-79 age group), 2000, 2010 and 2030 Fig 3 Top 5-Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (20-79 age group), 2010 and 2030 COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES Skin Complications To be more consciousness for symptoms of skin infections and other skin disorders common in people with diabetes. Eye Complications Yearly or six months once keep regular check up; avoid risk of glaucoma, cataracts and other eye problems. Due to nation survey in India eye complication was rare. Neuropathy Nerve damage from diabetes is called diabetic neuropathy .The majority of people with diabetes have any one of type of nerve damage. Foot Complications The largest parts of diabetes patients have foot damages. Take care of our foot as much as like face. Before bed we have to clean and dry our foot. Through the regular excise and walking we can avoid this complication. Kidney Disease (Nephropathy) High BP and glucose is major cause this. Keep your diabetes and blood pressure under control to lesser the chance of getting kidney disease. High Blood Pressure High blood pressure is also called hypertension. It raises more complications like heart attack, stroke, eye problems, and kidney disease. Stroke Keep up blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol in good level. It to be reduces your risk of stroke. Most of the patients affected stroke by hypertension. DATA MINING TECHNIQUES In healthcare industry nowadays generates huge amounts of complex data about patients, hospitals resources, disease diagnosis, electronic patient records, and medical devices etc.These data are a key resource to be stored, processed and analyzed for knowledge extraction that enables to support for cost-savings and decision making. Data mining is the process of exploration and analysis, by automatic or semiautomatic means, of large quantities of data in order to discover meaningful patterns and rules [11]. Data mining could be on the whole useful in medicine when there is no dispositive evidence favoring an exacting treatment option. Based on patients’ profile, history, physical inspection, diagnosis and utilizing previous treatment patterns, new treatment policy can be successfully recommended. Data mining is finding interesting structure (patterns, statistical models, relationships) in databases. [12]. Logistic regression models are used to compare hospital profiles and based on that risk-factors are analyses in data mining. Artificial neural networks are used in medical diagnosis. It produces a clinically relevant output based on sample database, and constructs the probability of a certain pathology or classification of biomedical objects. Due to the generous plasticity of input data, ANNs have verified useful in the analysis of blood and urine samples of diabetic patients [13]. Unsupervised learning engrosses identifying clusters and associations. Clusters are faction the analogous subtypes and make group. Using regression analysis, associate the following attributes as age, family history, increasing socio-economic status and decreasing physical activity and find high frequency of cause which type of diabetes distressed. No one can tell literally, which algorithm is best for any problem, because data sets from various data sources. To applying algorithm in training set and came to the solution, which is suite .data set be consists of missing values, noise, and outliers. Cleaning data from noise and outliers and handling missing values, and then finding the exact subset of data and prepares them for successful data mining. Missing values are filled up with the most familiar value and combinations of particular attribute-value pairs are significant within a dataset. DATA SET REPRESENTATION Collecting patient’s medical details based on that calculated BMI, body type, required calories, actual calories, complications, risk factors. The table 1 specified for risk analysis and table 2 for diagnosed complications. Some of the attributes of datasets are BMI, require weight, BMI index, working industry, eating habit, blood group, life style, and require calorie based on sex, family history,PCOS,HBA1c,Smoker, drinker, type of DM,dignosed age, symptoms, no of years, Gestational diabetes history, baby weight, order of baby, control DM,Fast food,BP,food intervals, intake limits. Table 1. Characteristics of risk analysis data set 2 3 4 2 2 7 2 1 22 1 4 3 1 3 1 2 0 Monitor the following attributes as high HBA1c, stationary, job, BP, Life style, disease caused after diabetes diagnosed, undiet, smoking, drinking habits regularly can avoid more complications. Table 2. Characteristics of complications data set 1 3 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 67 2 4 4 2 0 2 2 1 0 5 Conclusion India is top most country in prevalence of diabetes. Number of people with diabetes in our country in 2010 50.8 million and will be estimated 87.0 in 2030[10]. Diabetes complication fatality rates also raised and prevent these government or social organizations, health care’s must provide education or training focuses on self-care behaviors, such as healthy eating, being active, and monitoring blood sugar. Many of the steps necessitate to take to avert one of those complications may really help to prevent them all. This kind of education or training is a mutual process in which diabetes educators help people with or at risk for diabetes gain the knowledge. Data mining bring a set of tools, techniques and method that can be functional to this processed data to determine hidden patterns. Data mining algorithms are used to extract informative patterns from raw data. Physicians can identify effective treatments and best observation, and also patients receive improved and more affordable healthcare services. It is help to manage and monitor patients can have important utility in diabetes mellitus and analysis complicates. In the future, we plan to demonstrate the usefulness of this kind of study by measuring the extent to which data mining approaches empower clinical research and practice. References: [1]. Dandona, Lalit, et al. Population based assessment of diabetic retinopathy in an urban population in southern India.British journal of ophthalmology83.8 (1999): 937-940. [2]. Sanders, Reginald J., and M. Roy Wilson. Diabetes-related eye disorders.Journal of the National Medical Association85.2 (1993): 104. [3]. Gà ¤ckler, D., et al. [Diabetes and kidneys].Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)138.18 (2013): 949-955. [4]. Berger, A. and Berger, C.R. â€Å"Data mining as a tool for research and knowledge development in nursing.†CINMay/June 2004. [5]. Stephens, S. and Tamayo, P. â€Å"Supervised and unsupervised data mining techniques for life sciences.†Curr Drug DiscJune 2003. [6]. Ewing, D. J., I. W. Campbell, and B. F. Clarke. The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.QJM49.1 (1980): 95-108. [7].  http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/type%201%20diabetes [8]. Metzger BE, Coustan DR (Eds.): Proceedings of the Fourth International Work-shop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes Care21 (Suppl. 2):B1–B167,1998 [9]. Wild, Sarah, et al. Global prevalence of diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.Diabetes care27.5 (2004): 1047-1053. [10]. Sicree, Richard, et al. The global burden.Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute(2010). [11]. Berry, Michael JA, and Gordon Linoff. Data Mining Techniques . J. (2004). [12]. Bradley, Paul S., Usama M. Fayyad, and Olvi L. Mangasarian. Mathematical programming for data mining: formulations and challenges.INFORMS Journal on Computing11.3 (1999): 217-238. [13]. Amato, Filippo, et al. Artificial neural networks in medical diagnosis.Journal of Applied Biomedicine11.2 (2013): 47-58. [13]. Data Mining Technologies for Blood Glucose and Diabetes Management 603 , Riccardo Bellazzi, Ph.D.,and Ameen Abu-Hanna, Ph.D. [14].  http://health.india.com/diseases-conditions/sweet-nothings-discard-myths-to-successfully-manage-diabetes/ [15]. Application of data mining: Diabetes health care in young and old patients Abdullah A. Aljumah, Mohammed Gulam Ahamad, Mohammad Khubeb Siddiqui [16]. An Analysis of Diabetes Risk Factors Using Data Mining Approach Akkarapol Sangasoongsong and Jongsawas Chongwatpol Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA [17]. The need for obtaining accurate nationwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in India Rationale for a national study on diabetes R.M. Anjana, M.K. Ali*, R. Pradeepa, M. Deepa, M. Datta, R. Unnikrishnan, M. Rema V. Mohan [18]. Am I at risk for type 2 diabetes? Taking Steps to Lower Your Risk of Getting Diabetes [19]. http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/

The Use Of Abbreviations In Articles

The Use Of Abbreviations In Articles The purpose of this research is to investigate what abbreviation means, what types of abbreviations appear and to state how their full forms differ in various language categories. To accomplish this goal theoretical research and analysis of political articles were done. The result of the research showed that abbreviation means reduction and there are four types of abbreviations. The meaning of reductions depend on the context and language category where it is used. Kay words: abbreviation, type, full form. Introduction Articles, journals, newspapers and all other sources of written mass media is one of the most popular ways of getting information about the current events. The text in articles is specific; it requires a concrete style of writing, includes a number of stylistic devices, abbreviations, grammatical patterns such as direct speech or free direct speech, idioms and others. All these devices are one of the branches of Lexicology (Linguistics). While dealing with stylistic devices or grammatical patterns they are more or less understandable for the reader. Though, when dealing with abbreviations not all the cases are easy to understand at once. Abbreviations can be used in different ways mostly for shortening long forms of the word or group of words. However, abbreviations can appear in the text as fixed proper or personal names of some organizations, or for members of some particular organizations. Abbreviations can follow the rules of their creation, although, the meaning of one and the s ame abbreviation can differ, depending on the language category where it is used. Thus, following the theme of the current course which is based on the politics and law the research examples are chiefly taken from political articles. The goal of the research is to investigate the use of abbreviations in political and governmental articles. The enabling objectives were collected to achieve the researchs goal: To analyze articles/newspapers; To study theory; To define what an abbreviation means; State the types of abbreviations; To find out the most common abbreviations used in political articles; To provide the examples from the articles, full forms and meanings of the used abbreviations. The research is based on a personal hypothesis, which states: the abbreviation is a wide-spread branch of Lexicology (Linguistics) that is highly used in newspaper style and articles. The methods of the research: Theoretical (the study and analysis of the term abbreviations, their types); Practical (the analysis of political articles, the analysis of the examples). Short outline of chapters: The first chapter: the chapter of definitions and theory. The second chapter: the chapter provides researched examples of abbreviations, their full forms and meanings. Review of the Literature: A great number of theoretical materials were touched upon. Therefore the author included a lot of useful dictionaries. All the theoretical parts were taken from the Linguistics Discourse. Most of the definitions were taken from Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary. In additions, a number of On-line dictionaries were reflected in the research. ABBREVIATIONS What is an Abbreviation Looking to abbreviation as a branch of Linguistics, the definition will be as follows: Abbreviation is a shortening of a word or phrase to be used to report the full form (World English Dictionary. 2009). To put such definition into one word it is possible to define the abbreviation as a reduction. However, returning back to definitions, the common explanation for the term as abbreviation, which can be found in any useful dictionary, looks like this: Abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. 2005). To put it shorter abbreviation is a reduced form. Types of Abbreviations Abbreviations as such are divided into several groups or types. According to the studies of Linguistics, there are four main kinds of abbreviations: Shortenings Contractions Initialisms Acronyms The first type is called Shortenings. Shortenings of the words or phrases usually consist of the first few letters of the full forms are spelt with capital letters (World English Dictionary. 2009). For example, MP (Members of the Parliament); FCO (First Commonwealth Fund, Inc); OMG (Operation Market-Garden); CEO (Chief Executive Officer); etc. The second type of abbreviations is Contractions. Contractions are abbreviated forms in which letters from the middle of the full form have been omitted (World English Dictionary. 2009). In other words, contractions are clippings or cuttings. For example, Dr = doctor; St = Saint/Street; Zoo = Zoological garden; taxi = taxicab; etc. The next type of abbreviations is called Initialisms or semi-shortenings. Initialisms are made up of the initial letters of the words and are pronounced as separate letters (World English Dictionary. 2009). For example, SIR or S.I.R. (Self Insured Retention). In addition, to this particular type of abbreviations are related world know reduced forms such as etc or (etc.) which means et cetera in a full form, p or pp, which stands for page or pages in a full form interpretation. Initailisms as previous ones can be found not only in articles, but in any kind of literature. Finally, the fourth type of abbreviations known as Acronyms. Acronyms are Initialisms that have become words in their own rights, or similar words formed from parts of several words. Acronyms are pronounced as several words rather than as a series of letters, and do not have periods. In many cases the Acronyms became the standard term and the full form is only used in explanatory contexts (World English Dictionary. 2009). For example, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). To sum up, the abbreviations mean reduction or reduced form of a word or phrase. There are four types of reduction known as Shortenings, Contractions, Initialisms and Acronyms. All these types are highly used and can be found in newspapers and magazines of different subjects. reductions in use and their meanings All the examples were taken from different articles, magazines or newspapers. Abbreviations used in political articles: Shortenings: MP Member of Parliament (Governmental) FT Future Technology; Foreign Talent (US Government) BIS Bureau of Industry and Security (US Government) DCMS Department of Culture, Media and Sport (Governmental); Disaster Credit Management System (Us Government); DWP Deluxe Weapons Pack (Governmental>>Military) The same Abbreviations used in articles of different categories (Economics, Culture, Computing, Community, Medicine, etc.) Shortenings: MP Media Player (Community); Military Police (Law); Market Place (Business); Melting Point (Academic and Science). FT Full Time (Business); Football Team (Community); Field Trip (Academic and Science). BIS Bank for International Settlement (Business); Bismuth (Medicine); Business Information System (Computing); Building Industry Show (Academic and Science). DCMS Duval Country Medical Society (Medicine); Dartmouth Community Medical School (Academic and Science); Data Collection Management System (Computing); Derivatives Collateral Management Service (Business). DWP Department of Water and Power (Community); Dispensing Well Plate (Academic and Science). Contractions: Plane = Airplane Phone = Telephone Bus = Omnibus Ad = Advertisement Mag. = Magistrate; Magazine Initialisms: Abbreviations used in political articles: SIA or S.I.A. Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (Governmental) CIA or C.I.A. Central Intelligence Agency (Governmental) The same Abbreviations used in different categories: Initialisms: SIA or S.I.A. Semiconductor Industry Association (Academic and Science); Securities Industry Association (Business); Special Instructional Assistance (Community). CIA or C.I.A. Certified Internal Auditor (Business); Caught In the Act (Law); Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (Community); Curriculum Instruction and Assessment (Academic and Science); Chemotherapy Induced Alopecia (Medicine). Acronyms: NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization UN The United Nations EU The European Union Overall, all articles which were used for the research showed that a great number of abbreviations are used there. As it is seen, abbreviations are highly welcomed in newspapers style and not only one type of abbreviations but all of the four types. Almost each article which was examined has included at least one reduced form. CONCLUSION Summarizing all, the hypothesis was approved. The abbreviations are common feature for newspaper style and are highly used in articles. It is convenient for newspaper language to use reduced forms of the words in order to avoid the full name of the subjects which can length as the long sentence. Meanwhile the same abbreviations have different meanings due to the categories where they are used. theses Abbreviation means reduction or reduced form of a word or phrase There are four types of Abbreviations: Shortenings, Contractions, Initialisms, Acronyms The meaning of Abbreviation depends on the category of language Abbreviation is a common feature in newspapers style

Biking the Virginia Creeper Trail :: Tourism

Biking the Virginia Creeper Trail Biking the Virginia Creeper Trail is an outstanding experience that you will never forget. The trail is located in a beautiful, small town in Virginia known as Damascus. This town provides many amenities such as lodging, dining and great outdoor entertainment. The town of Damascus is located about fifty miles northeast of the East Tennessee State University campus. From campus you will get onto US181 north for about twenty miles and then turn off onto the Bristol exit. This exit will then put you onto US81north. As you cross the Tennessee, Virginia line you will see signs to Damascus, Virginia. From the state line Damascus is only thirty-five miles away. After you exit to Damascus the signs are very explanatory. The Creeper Trail dates back to the early railroads in Abingdon, Virginia, in the 1880’s. Abingdon is a town outside of Damascus where a coal and iron railroad company was built. The railway traveled through Damascus and to the top of Whitetop Mountain. The railroad ran for many years but later on became damaged by floods and torrential rains. In 1977 the railway was finally torn down and the land was turned over to Abingdon and Damascus. The trail then became a biking, walking, and a horseback-riding trail. A great site to get historical information on the Virginia Creeper Trail is, (www.vacreepertrail.com/history/VACreeperHistory.htm) The town of Damascus is very charming with its beautiful Victorian houses along each road and the friendliness of the locals. While you drive into town you will come to a place called Adventure Damascus, where you can rent bikes and get a shuttle up to the top of Whitetop Mountain for only twenty dollars. The fee includes your bike rental, shuttle, and two bottles of water. The trip from downtown to the top of the mountain seems very long and dreadful but when you finally approach the top the view and ride is well worth it. The length of the trail from Whitetop to Damascus is around 20 miles long and should take four hours to make it down. People are allowed to ride up the mountain or ride down the mountain. To ride up the mountain the biker must be experienced and very well educated about the trail. As you start the trail you will hear the sounds of horses making their way up the mountain to meet you. Before you know it you will be gliding down from Whitetop Station into the forest canopy of the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area.

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essays -- Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte Ess

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre, a novel about an English woman’s struggles told through the writing of Charlotte Brontà «, has filled its audience with thoughts of hope, love, and deception for many years. These thoughts surround people, not just women, everyday, as if an endless cycle from birth to death. As men and women fall further into this spiral of life they begin to find their true beings along with the qualities of others. This spiral then turns into a web of conflicts as the passenger of life proceeds and often these conflicts are caused by those sought out to be guides through the journey of life but merely are spiders building a magnificent web to catch its prey. In Jane Eyre, Brontà « uses the literary elements of plot and character to convey the theme that a person often falls in love with a manipulator because she has little experiences of other forms of love and as a result she has to establish her own integrity. Brontà « uses the character element of opinions to show how some people often form conclusions about others and express them in their thoughts as either cruel or friendly. Since Brontà « bases Jane Eyre as story told through a young lady the reader is allowed to experience her thoughts and reactions to those around her who make her very personality. As Jane is in her youth she develops these notions about her own family yelling at her cousin John saying, â€Å"You are like a murderer--you are like a slave-driver—you are like the Roman Emperors.† (p. 8) Not only showing that Jane has the intellectual maturity much greater than that of a normal ten-year-old but also that she finds John cruel and sees him becoming a bad man when he grows up. Due to Mrs. Reed’s lack of discipline John did grow as his cousin perceived causing his own demise and the relief of Jane for her cousin no longer could torment those lesser than himself. â€Å"Mr. Rochester continued blind f or the first two years of our union: perhaps it was that circumstance that drew us so very near – that knit us so very close: for I was then his vision, as I am still his right hand. Literally, I was the apple of his eye.† (p.578) Jane expresses her grief over Rochester’s injuries but emphasizes her constant love as everything that he has lost. Rochester appears completely opposite from the first time they met; he’s helpless just as Jane was when they first met and it is her in... ...oach, nor will you stir one step to meet it where it waits for you.† (p.248) Rochester notices her fault and clearly points them out to her. Allowing a person to hear their own faults causes them to examine whether or not these accusations are true or not. In Jane’s case Rochester pinned out Jane’s faults and he’s doing his part to help her become more like him instead of being a shy, little, shrewd Quaker. The fortune-teller finally mentions Jane’s love for Rochester, but unknown to Jane the fortune-teller is Edward Fairfax Rochester. Jane hints toward this love but has clearly been manipulated by Rochester into his entanglement of love, which Blanche was thought to be in the center of. The main point of Rochester’s deception is to encourage Jane to except her love and express is to someone other than Rochester and to feel love for the first time if at all possible. As Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s novel is read over through the generations, the theme that a person can be manipulated into love and often times has to find her own integrity is passed on. By using many different elements of plot and characters she creates a novel forever found to be part of American Literature and English History.

Ib Economics Comentary

IB ECONOMICS – INTERNAL ASSESSMENT FRONT COVER School code: Luanda International School * Candidate Name: Noel Castellanos * Candidate Number: * Teacher: Sebastian Sanogueira * Title of the article: China's inflation falls to 1. 8 per cent, giving Beijing more room to stimulate slowing economy * Source of the article: Canadian Businesses http://www. canadianbusiness. com/article/94646–china-s-inflation-falls-to-1-8-per-cent-giving-beijing-more-room-to-stimulate-slowing-economy (accessed on: 27/08/2012) Date the article was published: 09/08/2012 * Date the commentary was written: 01/09/2012 * Word Count: 774 * Section of the syllabus the article relates to: Macroeconomics When talking about macroeconomics, two of the main goals of the government are to keep inflation low and constant and keep the economy growth high and stable. Inflation can be define as a persistent, substantial rise in the general level of process related to an increase in the volume of money and resul ting in the loss of value of currency and economic growth can be defined as a steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy.These two goals go hand on hand, as in many ways they depend on each other. The last few years China has experienced a high rate of inflation mainly due to a 2. 4% rise in food prices, which has provoked a slowdown in the economic growth of the country. This was caused because the aggregate supply of the country decreased. Aggregate supply is defined as the total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period.The decrease of the aggregate supply caused a shift in the short run aggregate supply curve to the left, and consequently increased prices and decreased the real output of the economy, slowing the economic growth, as shown in the graph below. The decrease of the real output would probably lead to higher unemployment rate, since companies would not have the same ability to pay all of t he employees because companies are not making as much money, so cuts would have to be made. Unemployment rate is defined as the percentage of the work force that is unemployed.Chinese manufacturing barely grew in July. The reason for these was because the high prices eventually led to a decrease on the aggregate demand, as people would try to spend less and save more, shifting the aggregate demand to the left (AD – AD1). Aggregate demand is define as the total  amount  of goods and services demanded  in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. With a decrease in aggregate demand and aggregate supply, the real output would decrease even more, affecting the money spent in the manufacture of the country. This is shown in the graph below.What China has been trying to do to increase the economic growth is to cut interest rates, and pump money into the economy through high spending on building low-cost housing and other public works. By cutting i nterest rates, people are more willing to borrow money and spend it in the economy, increasing the economic growth of the country. In August inflation fell to 1. 8%, from a 2. 2% of the previous month and even higher inflation rate the previous year. With the lower inflation rates, the government has more room to make cuts in the interest rates and take other measures to increase the economy.The problem with this is that the decrease of the steady decrease of inflation can make China to enter in a period of deflation. Deflation can be defined as a general decline in prices. This can potentially be very dangerous for the economy. The reason being that because of the prices decreasing, consumers would save money expecting lower prices, decreasing aggregate demand, shifting the aggregate supply curve to the left (AD – AD1) decreasing the average price level and the real output, which would lead to decrease in aggregate demand shifting the aggregate supply curve to the left (SRAS – SRAS1). This would create even more deflation and repeat the same process again, making worst and worst creating a downward spiral, as shown in the graph below. This would create very high unemployment, as companies? revenues and wages would get lower and lower, and economic growth would decrease even more. In many ways, and according to this evidence, deflation is a far worst case than high inflation, since both have almost the same effect, but deflation is more drastic.The decline of inflation is mainly due to a fall in commodity prices. So to avoid a case of deflation, the Chinese government needs to be very cautious about the economic growth of the economy, because the fastest the increase in the economic growth, the fastest the increase of the prices in commodity prices, making this way, a steady inflation rate in the economy. To keep the economic growth the government could spend more money in the infrastructure of the country, because this would make the consumers m ore confident on spending money.Also the government could try to decrease unemployment by creating job training programs and injecting money to companies, so that they employ more. And finally the government should cut interest rates as much as they can. Bibliography: â€Å"Saturday Sep 1. †Ã‚  Investopedia a Educating the World about Finance. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Sept. 2012. ;lt;http://www. investopedia. com/;gt;. Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 01 Sept. 2012. ;lt;http://dictionary. reference. com/;gt;.

Marketing Strategy Vitasoy Soybean Drink Essay

Background Soybean milk was first introduced in Hong Kong by Dr. K.S. Lo under the brand name â€Å"Vitasoy† in 1940, with an intention to provide consumers with an affordable nutritious and high-protein soymilk drink. Since then, Vitasoy became a well-known household name and is now the flagship product of Vitasoy International Holdings Limited (VIHL), contributing 48% of the company total revenue by categories in fiscal year 2013/2014. With the priority to promote quality of life through a wide range of great-tasting and nutritional products, the company expanded beyond the soy beverage with a wide variety of food & beverages, under the derivative brand name â€Å"Vita†. Vitasoy Soybean Milk (Regular) – Marketing Mix Product Vitasoy soybean milk is the preferred brand among local consumers, but it is fast losing its attractiveness. Consumers are becoming more sophisticated and health conscious where many are switching out to â€Å"Fresh/ Organic† soymilk which are fiercely competed by many rivals. The launched of Low Sugar variant may have helped to slow down its eroding share, but the product has passed the maturity stage. Instead of rationalizing the existing product line (multiple pack formats, photo below), the company continue to stretch the product line with different pack formats (of recent, the PET packaging). This initiative may potentially lead to cannibalization and causing diseconomies of scales in production. Price Targeting the masses with price positioned below most of the â€Å"organic† and â€Å"non-organic† soymilk products across most channels. With exception to chain convenient stores, its pricing is much higher than most of the â€Å"organic† soymilk products. This conflicting price positioning in chain convenient stores may lead to consumers switching out to â€Å"organic† soymilk, which is cheaper, fresher & healthier. As observed (photo below) in 7-Eleven, pack of Vitasoy soybean milk 250ml cost HK$6.90 while pack of Pak Fook 236ml â€Å"fresh organic† cost HK$5.80, both at non-promotion price. Promotion Actively engage in promoting its product through several advertising platforms (eg. TV commercial, social media, magazine/ newspapers, billboards & event sponsorships) and conducted many consumer communication campaigns. Noteworthy is their in-store execution particularly in chain supermarket which dominates majority of the shelf-space with prominent product displays and conducted tactical bundle sales regularly. The recent campaign â€Å"Anytime, Anywhere† is seen as a desperate attempt to disassociate itself as â€Å"breakfast-only† beverage. The campaign was supported with the launch of PET packaging which is a better proposition for an â€Å"all-occasion† beverage. But again, pricing may not be appealing to the target consumers particularly in chain convenient stores which is much costly comparing to other channels. Place The product is widely available through their extensive geographical coverage built over the years, reaching out to over 10,000 customers (eg. chain supermarkets & convenience stores, restaurants, bakeries, offices and independent grocery stores) serviced by 300 sales force and 100 delivery trucks. Also leveraging on the company subsidiary – Vitaland, specializing in operation and management of school tuck shops and canteen business, has made the product more accessible particularly among younger consumers. These are the key factors that have helped to strengthen the company leadership in Hong Kong. Recommendation In view of the competitive environment and evaluation of the product marketing mix, the recommended growth strategies would be Marketing Penetration & Product Development. Both strategies are least risky and are capable to generate further business growth for Vitasoy in this mature market (Hong Kong) Market Penetration Vitasoy soybean milk needs to drive off competition and sustain their share in the non-organic soymilk segment via enlarge distribution reach, conduct tactical/ aggressive sales promotions (eg. Discount or bundle sales) and  increase share of shelf-space. They need to reinforce barriers to entry in their key strategic channels (ie. chain supermarkets and chain convenient stores), as those are the key market entry channels and key breeding ground for competition. It is also crucial to rationalize their existing product line (multiple pack formats) to achieve economies of scale or prevent production complexity but most critically is to avoid cannibalization. In addition, to ensure the success of the product in PET packaging, it has to be nurtured with more effective marketing efforts with a pricing strategy that will appeal to the masses, specifically in chain convenient stores due to its geographical spread and 24/7. Product Development Vitasoy soybean milk has passed its maturity stage, as consumers continue to be inclined towards beverages with higher nutritional benefits (eg. Organic, high calcium, low sugar & low fat). Nonetheless, the company must continue to protect its leadership in this category as it contributes 48% of the company total revenue. This can be done by leveraging on its reputation as â€Å"Soy Expert† and making the competition irrelevant. The company must aggressively take the lead in developing new innovative product with clear product differential verses its rivals, through product line extension of their strategic growth brands (ie. Calci-Plus & Sansui). The new product line has to be innovative nutritious product with relevance to the health trends, this will eventually help to enhance consumer loyalty, gain more shares and potentially attract more switch-in from non-users. References 1) Soyinfo center, website www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/ks_lo_and_vitasoy.php 2) Vitasoy International Holdings, website www.vitasoy.com , www.vitasoy.com/pdf/pressRelease/EN 3) Vitaland Services Limited, website www.vitaland.com.hk 4) Facebook – VitaVitasoy 5) Blog – childhoodsnacks.blogspot.hk 6) EuroMonitor International, website www.euromonitor.com/soft-drinks-in-hong-kong-china/report 7) Blue Ocean Strategy, W. Chan Kim & Renee Mauborgne, 2006 Harvard Business School Publishing Corp

British Perspective on the Boston Tea Party Essay

In 1773 parliament passed the tea act in which the British pay less for tax to ship places. This made the prices of tea lower from Britain. Since Boston’s tea would be more expensive nobody would buy it from them. The tea act was just another problem adding up between the colonists and britain. This made the colonists want to be independent from Britain. The colonists decided to rebel and dumb three hundred and forty two chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The act was given the name the Boston Tea Party. Most of the British thought of the Boston Tea Party as an act of terrorism. Really the Boston Tea Party was just another step to independence for the colonists. In 1763 the British put a line along the Appalachian Mountains so the the colonists could not move into the Ohio River Valley. This was called the Proclamation Line. The British prohibited the colonists from their land to protect them from the Indians. The colonists who went against the British and crossed the line were later killed by the Indians and then asked for the British to protect them again. When the colonists asked for help they British were still in a lot of debt from the war they fought to protect the colonists. They put British soldiers on the line to protect the colonists. This was a little bit rude of the colonists to try moving into the Ohio River Valley when the British were trying to help them. The fact that the British were forbidding the colonists from passing the Appalachian Mountains made them very mad. They looked at it as the British not allowing them to settle into more land. The colonists were not allowed to buy and live on the land that they fought and won a war for. It was there land and they were being deprived their right to their own property. The Sugar Act happened in 1764, the next thing to make the colonists angry. The sugar act put tax on sugar from other countries making it more expensive. The sugar was now more expensive than the British sugar. The British perspective on it was logical because they were in major debt from  the war they fought for the colonists. They were just hoping that the colonists would by their tea so they could use the money to pay off the debt. They thought they were being fair by not taxing their sugar so the colonists would not have to pay a tax. The way the colonists saw the Sugar Act was an act of selfishness. The British taxed the tea the colonists used to buy because it was cheaper. The British had no right to tax the colonists. They had no say in how much the tax should be or what it was on. They used sugar everyday it was completely unfair. In 1765 the British made the Quartering Act. It required for british troops to have to live in the colonists homes when they were stationed in the colonies. The British thought it was only fair for the colonists to take care of their soldiers. Many of those soldeirs fought in the war against the French and Indians. It would cost too much for Britain to pay to build housing for the soldiers. The colonists did not like the Quartering act. They did not want to take care of the soldiers. First of all because the soldiers were the ones from keeping them to get to the rest of their land in the Ohio River Valley. Now they were being forced to take care of the soldiers. Nobody wanted to because they did not even have enough room in their homes. They did not have enough money to clothe and feed them either. The soldiers were very rude to the colonists and kind of scared most of them too. In 1767 a powerful British man named Charles Townshend had the idea of putting taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and other everyday products of the colonists. The reason for taxing these products was so Britain could get more money for their government. They also did it for more power over everyone. The colonists did not like the Townshend acts. It was just a way for Britain to take more money. The colonist rebelled just like they did with the quartering and sugar act. They boycotted British products. The trade between  them dropped by fifty percent as a result in the boycott. They claimed it was unconstitutional because the colonies did not have any say in the Parliament. The debate wether or not the colonies had represntation in parliament was not settled until the revolution. The Tea Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1773. The British made it so the colonists could not but any tea from any one else besides the East India Company. The East India Company was poor and the British wanted to help them with their business. The tea act made the price of tea lower from the East India Company so everyone would buy from them. They said that it was a benefit to the colonists because they could get tea cheaper now. The tax on the tea was very minimal and they just wanted to put a tax on it to show they have the right to tax. This made the Colonists look at the Tea Act as another taxation without representation situation. It meant they could not buy tea from anyone else and so their tea would lose its business. They were also angry because it went against the english right of only being taxed by the elected representatives not the parliament. The Sons of Liberty were a group of patriots who were dedicated to getting independence for the colonies. They Sons of Liberty Believed in being free. They were a secret group that wanted to fight for America. The group formed when the British Empire became on of the most feared powers in the world. Samuel Adams formed the Sons of Liberty. The British saw the Boston Tea Party as an act of terrorism. They saw it as a group of drunk and crazy people dumping their tea into the boston Harbor with out paying for it. They completely rebelled against the government and wasted a lot of money after all that the British have done for them. On December 16, 1773 the Sons of Liberty boarded three British ships. They dressed up as Mohawk Indians in order to be able to access the ships. They also had to arm themselves with hatches and axes to make their disguises more believable. They opened and dumped every single chest into the Boston  Harbor. This was called the Boston Tea Party. When it was over there were three hundred and forty two wooden chests floating in the water. Many other people boycotted the tea in the same way later on. The colonists did this to show independence. I can see how the British thought the Boston Tea Party was an act of Terrorism. I believe that the Boston Tea Party was not an act of terrorism. Britain took advantage of the colonists. Even though they tried helping the colonists a few times they still should not have used us to make more money for their government. They should be able to run and take care of their own money issues without taking the colonists money. The colonists were definitely right in taking action and rebelling against the British in every way they could. The Boston Tea Party was just another step closer to the independence of America.

All characters in the novel Essay

All characters in the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ are either lonely, bored or in need of escaping from the soulless existence of the itinerant labour. It is based on a society of men leading empty lives, trapped in a lonely life, consisting mainly of hard physical work. There was not enough happiness, love and affection in their lives. The novel is set in California, the Southern states of America, in the 1930’s around the time of the ‘Great Depression’. The ranch is based in ‘Soledad’; which is the Spanish word for ‘Loneliness’. The bunkhouse that the men sleep and live in is a long and rectangular building. The walls are white washed and the floor unpainted. In three of the four walls are small, square windows. In the fourth one was a solid door with a wooden latch. There are eight bunks, all with a nailed apple box over them with the opening forward. This made two small shelves for the personal belongings of each ranch hand occupying the certain bunk. On these shelves were little articles, soap, razors, talcum powder, Western magazines, medicines, little vials, combs and a few neckties. There was also a black cast iron stove, and a big square table in the centre of the room, with scattered playing cards across it, and surrounding the table were boxes for the men to sit on. The bunkhouse also had lice and roaches in it! Carlson and the other ranch hands all dream of owning their own land and living and working from this, resulting in wealth and happiness. This was known as the ‘American Dream’, this is shown as an opportunity to all people no matter how rich or poor they are. There is a lot of government propaganda, informing people that if they work hard and push their ambitions to the limit, they can make this dream reality. However they all knew, no matter how hard they worked or how successful they were, it was very unlikely of this dream ever becoming reality. Their way of escaping this disappointment was to collect their fifty bucks at the end of the month and of a weekend spend all of it on women and alcohol, usually at the nearest ‘cat-house’. During the week they play cards games or horseshoes. Crooks is very lonely, this is due to the fact that he is coloured and everyone knows him as a nigger! He is treated completely differently to all the others, an outsider. He is also crippled, after a horse kicked him and severely damaged his back. In the 1930’s it was very racist in America and the coloured people weren’t allowed to speak up or were too scared to defend themselves in fear of what the white people would do to them. This is the situation Crooks is in. However he is the only coloured person at the ranch, so he has to accept all racial comments on his own. He has his own separate room, which isn’t even a room it is a shed that leans off the side of the barn wall. He is isolated from everyone else, therefore unable to socialise. On one occasion Lennie entered the barn to see his pup. He saw Crooks’ light shining and stood in the doorway of Crooks’ room. Crooks saw him and said sharply ‘†you got no right to come in my room. This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here, but me. † He then followed with â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunkhouse and you ain’t wanted in my room†, â€Å"they play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you all of you stink to me. † Crooks reads to amuse himself when he has nothing better to do. This keeps his mind off of the atmosphere and situation he is surrounded by in his everyday life. Curley’s wife is perhaps one of the loneliest characters, trapped in her strict and original woman’s/wife’s role. Her daily routine only ever consists of her doing housework, such as cooking Curley’s dinner, washing Curley’s clothes, making Curley’s bed, cleaning Curley’s house, etc. If Curley catches her talking to the ranch hands he is always very annoyed by it, she is to stay in the house. She is known as ‘Curley’s wife’, no one knows her name so they cannot call her by it. One time when she enters the bunkhouse and begins to talk to the ranch hands, Crooks suggests † Maybe you better go along to your own house now. We don’t want no trouble. † It is this idea that she is ‘trouble’ that makes Curley’s wife so upset and angry. † Well, I ain’t giving you no trouble. Think I don’t like to talk to somebody ever’ once in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time? † Having a husband even makes her loneliness worse, because Curley is so strict about whom she socialises with and what she does. She calls him sarcastically a â€Å"Swell guy†, who † Spends all his time sayin’ what he’s gonna do to guy’s he don’t like, and he don’t like nobody. † Curley’s wife tries to escape her loneliness and sadness by dreaming of being an actress or a model. She had been offered the chance before â€Å"I tell you I could of went with shows† † An’ a guy tol’ me he could put me in pitchers†. Curley’s wife is also very good at flirting, this attracts male attention. Therefore just for a moment she is listened to and is the centre of attention, this moment matters so much to her because she is being paid attention to for once, that she makes a very bad habit of it. However the ranch hands have got used to her scheming ways and do not want to risk getting â€Å"canned† because of a â€Å"tart†. However Lennie and George are different to the other ranch hands, they may live a lonely existence, but they have each other. Other than the other ranch hands expressing their feelings about their hopes, dreams, lonely lives etc, George and Lennie are the only characters we really get to know. All other ranch hands haven’t got a family or anything to look forward to, but it is different with George and Lennie; they believe they have a future and as long as they have got each other, it doesn’t matter whether they have a family or not. These men love each other. They talk to each other and know that the other cares for them, because George looks after Lennie, and Lennie looks after George. However, George has a much greater job in looking after Lennie, than Lennie has in looking after George. Lennie is a bit of a dunce and is always forgetting things, but George has the brains. They both are physically well built, but Lennie does not realise his own strength sometimes, he is dangerously strong. Lennie is the physical side of the pair, whereas George is the mental. The fact that they have each other gives them more of a chance of success, than the other ranch hands. Lennie loves George to tell him what; one-day things will be like. Their dream is to one day buy a little house, with a ten acres, a â€Å"win’mill†, a kitchen, an orchard to grow â€Å"cherries, apples, peaches, ‘cots, nuts, and a few berries†, a section on the land to grow alfalfa that Lennie will use to feed the rabbits with, hutches and pens full with pigs, chickens, cows, goats, cats, pigeons, a dog and rabbits that Lennie could pet, a smoke house so they could kill the pigs and then smoke it, for smoked ham and bacon etc, and for them to literally â€Å"live off the fatta the lan'†. They would only work six or seven hours a day. Lennie likes to pet, smooth, soft, furry things, as a kind of comfort. Other than for George and animals, love and affection are withheld, not only from Lennie, but also for all the ranch hands. This is why they have their own individual comfort or way of escaping from the repetitive daily routine and loneliness. Candy is a dissimilar character from the other ranch hands. He is very lonely and sad. He has no hand, but a very old dog that he cares for very much. This dog is similar to Candy. They are both very old and when Carlson shoots the dog, because it smells, has no teeth, he cannot eat, is stiff with rheumatism, is nearly blind and Carlson thinks it will be better to put the dog out of his ageing misery. Candy wants people to treat him once he is canned like this. This is because he â€Å"won’t have no place to go, an’ he can’t get no more jobs†. The other ranch hands say that he can replace the dog with one of Lulu’s pups, but of course that wouldn’t be the same, never is anyone or anything the equivalent, everyone and everything is unique. Candy seems to think that when he is dead, people will say the same thing about him. When a new ranch hand comes and replaces him, he’ll be forgotten. For obvious reasons Candy is upset and hurt by this. It is as if the characteristics of his dog and the way the other men treat the dog, symbolises Candy. Candy wants to join George and Lennie in their ‘dream’. Candy has already got three hundred bucks and another fifty coming at the end of the month, when the men get paid. He explains that he â€Å"ain’t much good, but I could cook, tend the chickens, and hoe the garden some†. Then when George and Lennie get their fifty bucks each at the end of the month, they will have four hundred and fifty bucks, and although the woman wants six hundred bucks, George thinks she will accept their offer as a deposit and then George will get a job and start to collect the rest, while Candy and Lennie could work on the land as well as sell eggs etc, making more money. This is Candy’s route of escaping. Everything seems to be falling into place and their dream looks like it could become reality. This is everything a man wants and Candy is thrilled he is part of it. However much their dream looks real, it all ends when Curley’s wife tries her old tricks with Lennie. Curley’s wife enters the barn, as Lennie sits there mourning over his pup, he has just accidentally killed! George has already warned Lennie about Curley’s wife, says she is trouble, so Lennie refuses to talk to her, â€Å"George says I ain’t to have nothing to do with you- talk to you or nothing†. Curley’s wife says in a innocent voice, â€Å"All the guys got a horse-shoe tenement goin’ on†, so â€Å"Why can’t you talk to me? † She eventually persuades Lennie that it is safe to talk to her. They talk for ages and Lennie tells her how he â€Å"likes to pet nice things with my fingers, sof’ things†. She tells Lennie to â€Å"feel right here†, on her hair. Lennie was enjoying stroking her hair until she warned him not to â€Å"muss it up†. She then got angry because Lennie wasn’t listening to her. She went to pull away and Lennie clasped his fingers tightly in her hair and wouldn’t let go. She began to shout, â€Å"you let go†. Lennie began to get scared because he thought George would hear and go mad. He covered her mouth and nose to prevent her screaming, and continued to beg her to be quiet. She continued to struggle and he shook her. Suddenly â€Å"her body flopped like a fish†. She was dead! Lennie ran to the brush that George had told him to hide in when they first arrived in Soledad if he ever got into trouble. When Candy found Curley’s wife dead and told all the ranch hands, they all knew it was Lennie! Most of the men wanted to kill Lennie, but George got there first. George knew that Lennie would be scared if half a dozen men ran towards him shooting, but if George was to do it at the back of his head, just like Candy’s old dog it would be pain free. When George found him, Lennie asked for the story of their dream to be told to him and questioned George why he wasn’t mad at him, but obviously if this was George’s last moments with Lennie he didn’t want to be mad at him. As George told the story and paused every so often, Lennie would say â€Å"go on† or â€Å"Gonna do it soon† as if he knew what George was about to do and was encouraging George to get it over and done with. George finally shot Lennie. Lennie jarred forward and the settled peacefully as he lay on the sand. George just sat stiffly and silently n the bank, looking at his hand that had just pulled the trigger disgustedly. George knew it was for the best, where ever they were to go Lennie’s unrecognised strength would lead to trouble; it had already, both in Weed and Soledad. Lennie was trapped by his strength. Although, Lennie has now been released from pain by no longer being able to kill others and from not getting shot by half a dozen men cruelly, but peacefully by George. The upsetting thing is, that Lennie was so afraid of being alone and away from George, and now he was just that. It was all over!!! George is now free; he is no longer trapped by his want of freedom, of constantly looking after Lennie. I think the novel tries to give us the message that people try to lead their lives as successfully as possible, in order to result in the best possible outcome. However this is very hard to succeed. The ranch hands wanted the ‘American Dream’ to become reality, but is very unlikely and as shown does not happen. The novel gave a very positive view of the ‘American dream’, but this is erroneous and does not come true. The chances of finding true, lasting friendship and happiness are also very unlikely as it is always spoilt by misfortune, arguments, inconveniences and sometimes death, as in this case.